OUR BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMER FOR EVERY COMPETITIVE EXAM PART-1

               SENTENCE STRUCTURE
 

Structure Gi wfwˇZ Sentence †K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|

1. Simple Sentence

2. Complex Sentence

3. Compound Sentence

G wel‡q `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g Clause m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e|

Clause n‡jv Subject Ges Finite Verb m¤^wjZ Ask |

            Example:- In the summer, Tonmoy  walks to his office

‡h verb Gi subject Gi number, person Ges tense Abymv‡i cwiewZ©Z nq Zv‡K finite verb e‡j |
He wants a pen. They want a pen.   Number cwieZ©b K‡i
He wants a pen. I want a pen.          Person cwieZ©b K‡i
He wants a pen. He wanted a pen.   Tense cwieZ©b K‡i

Clause ‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvqt

(1) Independent clause/Principal clause

(2) Dependent Clause/Sub-ordinate clause

‡h Clause Ab¨ Clause -Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov wb‡RB m¤ú~Y©fv‡e A_© cÖKvk K‡i, ZvB Independent clause. Avi †h clause Ab¨ clause Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov wb‡R wb‡R m¤ú~Y© A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ZvB Dependent Clause.

           

            Example:- Ismail gose to Italy because he loves the food.

                                                                                                         Dependent   clause

Conjunction ev Clause marker:

(1)  Co-ordination conjunction- (and, but, or)

(2) Sub-ordinating conjunction- (If, As if/As though, So that, Because, Since, Hence, Though,      Although, That, W. H Question BZ¨vw` Subordinate clause wU Dc‡iv³ clause marker w`‡q hy³ _vK‡e|

Subordinate Clause ‡K Avevi wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:

 Noun clause : ‡h Clause sentence-G verb Gi Subject  Ges verb Gi Object, preposition Gi object Ges complement Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K Noun clause e‡j| 
verb Gi Subject : That he is dishonest is known to all.
verb Gi Object: The station master knows when the train will depart.
preposition Gi object : Give the work to whoever looks idle.
complement: The question is how he will respond.

Verb ‡K What Øviv cÖkœ K‡i Noun clause cvIqv hvq|

Note:- Noun clause Aek¨B GKwU clause marker, GKwU SubjectI GKwU Verb _vK‡e|

            Example:- We know that he will pass.

Adjective Clause:  ‡h Clause noun ev Pronoun-Gi c‡i e‡m H  noun ev Pronoun ‡K modify K‡i Zv‡K Adjective Clause e‡j| A_©vr, that/Wh word + subject+ verb  Gi c~‡e© Antecedent  (hw` †Kvb Noun ev Noun phrase) _vK‡j clause wU adjective clause n‡e| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv that Dn¨ _v‡K|

            Example:- This is the place where I was born.
                                  I knew the reason why he was angry.
                               The news that you heard yesterday is known to all.
                                  The news he gave me was false. (that Dn¨)

Adverb Clause: ‡h Clause Øviv Time, Place, Manner Ges reason wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡K Adverb Clause e‡j|  

Verb ‡K When, How, Where, why  Øviv cÖkœ K‡i Adverb Clause cvIqv hvq|

            Example:- I shall go where he lives.  Avwg †Kv_vq hve - Where
                                 We read that we may learn. Avgiv †Kb cwo - Why
                               I will go when he will come.  Avwg KLb hve - When
                               I went there how he direted. Avwg wKfv‡e wM‡qwQjvg - How

Important rules on sentence structure:

² cÖwZwU English Sentence -Gi Aek¨B GKwU Subject I GKwU  Main Verb _vK‡e|

² `ywU Clause †K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ clause marker e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

² hw` †Kvb Sentence G †Kvb clause marker (who, what, how, etc) _v‡K Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e H Sentence wU‡Z       `ywU Subject Ges `ywU Verb _vK‡e|

Classifications of sentence on the basis of structure.

1. Simple Sentence:  Contains only one independent clause.

            Example:- The governmet provided money to people.

2. Complex Sentence:- Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clause.

            Example:- Though he is poor, he is honest.

3. Compound Sentence: Contains more than one independent clause.

            Example:- He is poor but he is honest.

                                                                    NOUN

Proper Noun : ‡h Noun GKwU wbw`©ó e¨w³, e¯‘y, ¯’vb cÖf~wZi bvg eySvq Zv‡K e‡j| Proper noun e‡j|

                       

                        Example : Nazrul is the Byron of Bengal.
                                            Hero Honda is my favourite bike.
                                           The Padma is a river.

Common Noun : ‡h Noun Øviv GK RvZxq e¨w³ ev e¯‘yi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mvaviY bvg eySvq Zv‡K Common Noun e‡j|
                 A_©vr, †h Noun G‡Ki AwaK n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡K MYbv Kiv hvq Zv‡K Common Noun e‡j|

                        Example: Boy, Girl, nail, mother, Flower, Student etc.

Collective Noun: ‡h Noun Øviv GK RvZxq KZK¸‡jv e¨vw³, ev e¯‘y‡K c„_K c„_K fv‡e bv eywS‡q mgwó‡K wb‡`©k                                      K‡i Zv‡K  Collective Noun e‡j|  A_©vr wKQz Common Noun Gi mgwó‡KB Collective 
                             Noun e‡j|

                      

Example: Jury, Army, Committee, Class, Crowd, Navy, Team, Audience etc.

Note: (I) Collective Noun hLb †Kvb Sentence Gi  Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq ZLb Verb wU Singular n‡e|

                       Example: The Jury has reached an agreemet.

          (II) Collective Noun hw` KLbI GKwÎZ fv‡e bv eywS‡q c„_K c„_Kfv‡e †evSvq G‡¶‡Î Verb wU Aek¨B                          Plural n‡e|  GB RvZxq Collective Noun †K Noun of multitude e‡j|

                       Example: The Jury were divided in their opinions.

          (III) Collective Noun ‡K cieZ©x‡Z  (D‡j­L) Kivi Rb¨ Pronoun wn‡m‡e  “It’’ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

                       Example: The committee has met and it has reached a decision.

Material Noun: †h mKj Noun Øviv †Kvb c`v‡_©i c„w_ex‡Z we`¨gvb m¤ú~Y© Aw¯—Z¡‡K AwefvR¨fv‡e †evSvq Ges
                 hv‡`i‡K msL¨v Øviv MYbv Kiv hvq bv wKš‘ GKK Øviv cwigvc Kiv hvq, Zv‡`i‡K Material Noun e‡j|
                  ‡hgb:-    Diamond, Iron, Gold, Water, Oil, Rice, Paper, Milk BZ¨vw`| A_©vr †Kvb e¯‘ †h
                 wRwbm ev c`v_© Øviv MwVZ nq Zv‡K ev e¯‘i Dcv`vb‡K Material Noun e‡j| ‡hgb: gold ‡_‡K
                 necklace ˆZix nIqvi ci I G‡Z gold cvIqv hvq| ZvB gold n‡”Q Material noun.

Abstract Noun: ‡h mKj noun  Øviv †`vl, MyY, Ae¯’v I Kv‡Ri bvg †evSvq, Zv‡`i‡K Abstract noun e‡j |
                          ‡h mKj Noun Bw›`ªq MÖvn¨ bq ev hv‡`i wPÎ AsKb Kiv hvq bv  Zv‡`iK Abstract Noun e‡j|

                      Example: Honesty, Belief, Air etc.

wbgœwjwLZ Suffix ¸‡jv †_‡K Noun †Pbv hvq t-

³ al ÒSuffix wU Noun I Adjective `yB B ˆZix K‡i|

     Noun n‡e hLb Verb + al n‡e|

          Example:- Arrive + al = Arrival

                            Remove + al = Removal

Note:- ‡k‡l e hy³ Verb Gi e eb©wU ev` w`‡q al hyy³ n‡e|

³ Subject  wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|

          Example:- Allocation of resources  is the main theme of Economics.

³ Object wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|

          Example:- She deserves sympathy.

³ Preposition  Gi c‡i e‡m|

           Example:- I’m ashamed of failure.

³ Article Gi c‡i e‡m|

          Example:- A thing of beauty is joy for ever.

³ The . .. .. .. .. .. .. of gv‡S e‡m|

          Example:- The Kindness of Mohsin will be remembered for ever.

³ Gerund, Participle ev Infinitive Gi object wn‡m‡e e‡m|

          Example:- To mean symbol we mean something accepted by all.

                           Developing strategy needs a lot of knowledge of the environment.

³ Possessive Pronoun Gi c‡i e‡m|

          Example:- I like him for his honesty.

Countable noun: ‡h Noun Mbbv Kiv hvq Zv‡K countable noun e‡j |

          Example:- Pen, Mango, Book etc.

Uncountable noun: ‡h Noun Mbbv Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K Uncountable noun e‡j |

          Example:- Water, Air, Honesty , etc.

Note: mKj abstract Noun Ges Material noun B n‡”Q Uncountable noun

³ Uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv|

³ Uncountable noun Gi Plural form nq bv |

³ Uncountable noun Gi ci Verb Gi Singular form e‡m|

³ Uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© Specific indicator (one, two .. .. .. ..  .. ..) e‡m bv |

Incorrect : Did you get a permission to take the placement.

Correct : Did you get Permission to take the placement.

Avgvi eÜz Beauty-i mv‡_ Fun K‡i AwZwi³ gvÎvq Courage †`Lv‡Z wM‡q Lye eo ai‡bi Damage NUv‡q †d‡j‡Q| Avwg Homework KiwQjvg| Ggb mgq †m Avgv‡K †dvb K‡i ejj Ò‡`v¯—Ó Avwg  GKwU fzj K‡i †d‡jwQ|  Zvi †mB K_v ï‡b Avgvi GZ Anger n‡q‡Q †h any Language w`‡q Mvwj w`‡Z B”Qv KiwQj wKš‘y Zv bv K‡i Avwg Zv‡K wKQy Advice w`jvg | †m Avgv‡K ejj, Ò‡`v¯ÍÓ GLb‡Zv Avgvi Accommodation Gi mgm¨v Permission †c‡j Avwg evmv †_‡K Luggage- G K‡i wKQy Mecheniary, Jewleary Ges Clothing wb‡q †Zvi Kv‡Q AvmwQ| Zvi Progress †`‡L Avgvi Mumps a‡i †M‡jv|  Gi ci `yB eÜz wg‡j News †c‡q Information Abyhvqx evmv LyR‡Z †ei njvg| wKQy Length I Distance ci Avgiv Traffice Jam G AvUKvjvg| Ae‡k‡l Avgiv evmv Lyu‡R †cjvg| hvi Scenery GZ fvj †h evmvi eviv›`vq `vov‡jB eyK  f‡i Oxygen wb‡Z B”Qv K‡i| evmvi †cQ‡b wKQy Sand Rgv Av‡Q| Avwg eÜz‡K ejjvg, Ò evmv †Zv Lyu‡R †cwj †Zvi Luck †Zv A‡bK fvj| hv Gevi Sopping G hv wKQy Equipment Ges Furniture wK‡b Avb| †m GKUv Smile w`‡q ejj †`v¯Í, Avgvi Kv‡Q Aí wKQy Money Av‡Q hv w`‡q  Tea Ges Water Qvov †ewk wKQy †Kbv m¤¢e bq| Avwg ejjvg, eyS‡Z cviwQ ZzB Proverty-i  g‡a¨ c‡owkm| GZ Patience wb‡Z ZzB _vwKm wKfv‡e? Avwg ejjvg, Ò †Zvi Music Ges Poetry -i Lei wK? Lvwj Mvb KweZv wb‡q c‡o _vwKm bv Ab¨ wKQy KiwQm? †m ejj, Avwg Mvb I KweZv wb‡q GZ e¨¯Í †h Avgvi †Kvb Leisure -B bvB| Bread, Butter, Oil, Milk, Rice, Solt, Suger, Meat †Kbv †Zv `y‡ii K_v wb‡Ri Hair  KvUv‡bvi mgq ch©šÍ cvw”Qbv| Avwg ejjvg, hvB †nvK  †Zvi Knowledge wK w`b  K‡g hv‡”Q, Smoke K‡i Ignorance - Gi gZ †hLv‡b †mLv‡b Ashes  †dwjm| 

Self -Practice

1.The crowd was very big. What type of noun it is?

a. Common noun         b. Collective noun      

c. Proper noun             d. Abstract noun

2. Choose the correct sentence.

a. Roky is the guy who giving us a ride.        

b. Roky is the guy he giving us a ride.

c. Roky is the guy whose giving us a ride.    

d. Roky is the guy who is giving us a ride.

3…………is not the only things that tourists want to see.

a. A scenery                b. Sceneries                

c. the sceneries            d. Scenery

4. Our team ­­---the best team.

a. is                              b. are                          

c. have                         d. were

5. What kind of noun is ‘girl’ is?

a. Proper noun             b. Common noun       

c. Material noun          d. Collective noun

6. A simple sentence has-

a. Only one subject and many verbs.             

b. Only one subject and one finite verb.

c. Only one subject and two verbs.                

d. A subordinate clause.

7. Which of the following sentences contains an adjective clause?

a. He works hard so that he can succeed in life

b. I know the boy who stood first in the exam.

c. Though he is poor, he is honest.                 

d. What he says is true.

8. What kind of noun ‘fun’?

a. Countable                b. Uncountable

c. Common                  d. Material

9. Because she is intelligent she things for herself. Here underline clause is a/an-

a. dependent clause     b. independent clause

c. principal clause        d. none

10. Which one is a compound sentence?

a. Owing to weakness I can not walk.                       

b. As I am weak I can not walk.

c. I am weak but I can walk.                          

d. I can walk although I am weak.

11.He asked me whether I would help him.

In this sentence the underlined part is-

a. a noun clause           b. an adjective clause             

c. an adverbial clause d. a prepositional phrase

12. Paper, water, iron, gold and milk are-

a. Abstract nouns                    b. Common nouns

c. Collective nouns                  d. Material nouns

13. Which one of the following is a simple sentence?

a. He is poor but honest                                 

b. Though he is poor, he is honest

c. In spite of his poverty, he is honest                       

d. He is poor and honest

14. The…….of this room will be sold.

a. possession                            b. the possessions

c. the position                          d. positive

15. kawsar is an interior decorator, designs…….

a. furniture                              b. the furniture           

c. furniture’s                            d. some furniture

16. The noun ‘truth’ is-

a. Material                               b. Proper         

c. Collective                             d. Abstract

17. Identify the underlined clause. Nobody knows when he will die.

a. principal clause                    b. noun clause

c. adverbial clause                   d. adjective clause

18. A compound sentence has ---

a. a subject and a finite verb                          

b. one principal clause and one sub-ordinate clauses

c. two or more co-ordinate clauses                

d. two or more sub-ordinate clauses

19. In which type of sentences a relative pronoun joins two clauses?

a. simple                                  b. complex      

c. compound                           d. interrogative

20. The police have collected ---about the crime

a. the information        b. many informations

c. a lot of information             d. a lot of informations

21. What kind of noun the word ‘cattle’ is?

a. proper                                  b. Common    

c. Collective                            d. Material